The Problem Of Induction And Induction - 2197 Words

The problem of induction is a question that challenges the justification of premises and their conclusions. It also gathers empirical evidence through observations and experiences and questions their validity concerning circumstances that happen every day. In fact, Hume, one of the philosophers discussed in this paper says, that to claim something as â€Å"more probable† is invalid because the assumption that the past will predict the future is still required. One of the questions posed by the problem of induction, is how to rationally justify an inference so that we can make reliable conclusions about unobserved events based on what we have seen in the past? Karl Popper who attempted to solve the problem of induction labels it as a†¦show more content†¦The foundation for matters of fact are based on Cause and Effect where inferences are uncertain if nothing holds them together thus every effect is a distinct event from its cause (THN, 180). He then divides all reason ing into two categories: demonstrative reasoning (deductive) or that concerning relations of ideas, and moral reasoning that concerning matter of fact and existence. All arguments concerning existence are based on cause and effect where our knowledge of that relation is derived entirely from experience. People instinctively use induction as a way of reasoning. We use evidence from events that happen to us every do to make sense of things that we haven’t experienced or observed. Hume tells us that we must first decide whether the evidence we took from our experiences is any good. If the evidence we gathered gives us reason to believe things we haven’t seen or experienced then are we able to justify these claims? To further explain Hume’s point, we can use the example of having a container full of black balls you presume to be candy. After sampling a few of the balls and deciding that they taste like licorice, you gather that all the items must also taste like lic orice. All of the balls you have observed up to this point have tasted like licorice. Inductive reasoning would lead us to believe that since a few of the balls tasted like licorice every other ball must also be licorice. Even though we are assuming that all the balls must taste like licorice it

The Lottery vs the Destructors Essay examples - 1046 Words

Thesis In Shirley Jackson’s, â€Å"The Lottery†, and Graham Greene’s â€Å"The Destructors†, the author creates a story filled with symbolism, irony, grim reality, and a ritualized tradition that masks evil, which ultimately showcases how people blindly follow tradition. Outline I. Introduction II. Setting B. Time Period III. Plot A. What messages are seen in both stories IV. Characters A. Main Characters B. Traits of Characters V. Tone of Stories VI. Conclusion Comparison and Contrast of The Lottery and The Destructors W. Goode English102 Liberty University Comparison and†¦show more content†¦Likewise Greenes literary piece is set in postwar London, â€Å"The gang used to meet every morning in an impromptu car park, the site of the last bomb of the first blitz† (Greene, 1990, p.3). Nothing in both stories foreshadows any act of violence as a ritual murder or destruction of the house. Moreover, in The Lottery and The Destructors, the setting greatly influences characters of the stories. For instance, in The Lottery, a traditional ritual is performed almost for seventy-seven-years among disturbing piles of stones gathered by all citizens of the villages, which metaphorically symbolize violence. Compared to Jacksons story, in The Destructors, young boys meet and carelessly play in a place where recently the bomb was dropped. While hanging out among wreckages of destruction, the young characters become initiated to act violently. As the plot of the stories unfolds, the greater influence of violent tensions become evident. I n The Lottery, people follow the tradition despite its cruelty and absurdity. Although the ritual of the lottery is brutal, the dwellers of the village do not seem to see how barbaric it is because â€Å"there’s always been a lottery† (Jackson, 1982, p. 118). Nevertheless, the tensions grow when the lottery begin and every citizen is awaiting for its end. The climatic moment of the story grows when the reader discovers that TessShow MoreRelatedShort Stories Review Essay6945 Words   |  28 PagesParts to this review: . Setting Characters Conflict Point of View Climax Irony Theme I. Setting . The Destructors:  around 1948 - 1950 England - London Little Cloud:  20th century 1920s or maybe 30s Ireland - Dublin I’m a Fool:  20th century, after WWII USA - southern state Just Lather, that’s all:  early 1900s, during revolution Mexico A special occasion:  modern day - 1960s USA, children’s hospital Defender of the Faith:  May, 1945 Camp Crowder, Missouri, USA Pauls Case:  1900 - 1920

Health Sciences Understanding Health and Illness

Question: Describe about the Report for Health Sciences of Understanding Health and Illness. Answer: This assignment aims to provide an executive summary from the article Australias health 2014 (Aihw.gov.au., 2014) . The executive summary will be provided for Chapter one whose title is Understanding health and illness. This report provides an understanding of health and illness. It has discussed regarding a model for describing health in which the health determinants have been described. This report covers a varied range of topics like dementia, private hospitals, illicit drug use, chronic diseases and what the ageing of populations in Australia means for the future. This report presents a comprehensive analysis regarding the issues that are related to each of the topic and the implications for persons as well as the nation as a whole. The report also focuses on health through life and contains features articles together with snapshots on all the stages of life and has included for the first time, an inclusive look at youth health, childhood obesity together with the health of the populations belonging to the age of working. The research in this article draws attention to the fact that there has been an increased understanding regarding the significance of social determinants of health. This report also investigates the causes behind the death of the populations in Australia. The diseases such as stroke, coronary heart disease, lung cancer, dementia and some other leading causes of death like prostate cancer in men, breast cancer in women, have been highlighted. The research in the article has drawn attention to the fact that in Australia, the disease of diabetes is becoming more common. There are a number of factors which might have contributed to this condition, such as rise in the number of individuals who are s uffering from obesity and altered criterion for diagnosis. According to the research carried out in this article, the populations of Australia living outside the major cities possess higher rates of obesity and overweight as compared to the individuals living in the main cities. The research in this article draws attention to the fact that the rates of smoking in adults on a regular basis are low at 16% overall by international standards. However, it has also been observed that in the remote parts as well as the outer regional areas of Australia, the rates of smoking are higher in comparison to the major cities. There has been an increased understanding in the significance of the social determinants of health in the recent years. The framework for the determinants encompasses the broad features of the society, socioeconomic characteristics, health behaviours, biomedical factors, environmental factors, safety factors together with health and well-being over time. In addition, the individuals living in the more underprivileged areas are more probable to smoke on a daily basis in comparison to the individuals living in the areas that are less underprivileged. Further investigations reveal that the populaces living in the remote and rural areas have least access to the health services. They have to travel to several miles for seeking medical attention and as a result, ill heath rates and mortality in this population is higher in comparison to the populations living in the bigger cities. The research in this article draws attention to the fact that the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander individuals health is commonly worse than that of non-Indigenous individuals. This report has provided detailed information regarding the health status of Australians but there are some gaps, which need to be filled for obtaining a clear picture regarding the health and illness in Australia. Reference Aihw.gov.au. (2014). Australia's health 2014 (AIHW). [online] Available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au/australias-health/2014/ [Accessed 17 Aug. 2016].

Packet Scheduling In An Energy Harvesting â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Packet Scheduling In An Energy Harvesting? Answer: Introducation DES: Data Encryption Standard or DES is considered to be a symmetric key algorithm. The block cipher here is of 64 bits. It has the ability to encrypt exactly 64 bits of data at a single time. Presently it is known as AES. The DES differs from stream cipher because it does not encrypt single bit at one time. This is a symmetric cryptography (ISLAM AZAD, 2014). A cipher block called Fiestal block forms the basis of DES. The size of key in this encryption standard is 56 bits but the actual key input is of 8 byte. It is known to be the main standard or form of symmetric algorithm. Triple DES: Triple DES is a variation of the Data Encryption Standard. It is also known as EDE which means to encrypt then decrypt and again encrypt. Three DES applications are used in triple DES (Barker Barker, 2012). There are two DES keys that are independent in nature. An effective key length is generated that is 168 bits long. The three keys are of size 168, 112 and 56 bits. The 56 bits key is used for first encryption, and then the 112 bits key is used for decryption. At the end the 168 bits key is used for encryption again (Bhanot Hans, 2015). This is much more secured than the DES. RC2: RC2 is considered to be a symmetric key block cipher that is of 64 bits. The keys used vary in length. The block cipher is iterated and its computation is a function of plaintext. There are two types of rounds present in RC2 (Alam Khan, 2013). RC2 is the optimized version of the DES. The cipher here is fast. The decryption and encryption operations are not equal. The keys are public. And it is a symmetric algorithm unlike the symmetric block cipher of DES and triple DES. It is vulnerable to security threats. There are sixteen mixing round and two mashing rounds. Security Challenges of two examples of WPAN technologies The example of WPAN technologies considered here is Bluetooth and ZigBee. Security Issues in Bluetooth: The Bluetooth network is vulnerable to several security risks and threats. A process by which hacker attacks or hacks a Bluetooth network is known as Bluesnarfing. This type of hacking accesses the detailed information present in the cell phones and wireless devices like photographs, contacts and other sensitive data (Minar Tarique, 2012). This occurs in a silent manner and the user is unable to understand. There are threats of another hacking technique called backdoor hacking. Here a non trusted device can still access the information present in another mobile device. Bluejacking is a major threat in the Bluetooth technology and networks (Padgette, 2017). Here the attacker renames their own device and during the process of pairing with another device it influences the victims device to pair it with them. Suppose the name of the attacker device is Click accept for winning $500. Then in this case the victim can click access. This allows the hacker to get access to the victims device. There are also other risks like virus and worms attack. Malware can harm the mobile device. Security Issues in ZigBee: ZigBee is considered to be a standard that is used for wireless networking. There are various kinds of attacks associated with ZigBee. Consider a device containing ZigBee radio in it and if an attacker who has huge knowledge about it is able to access the device physically then it is known as the physical attack. Here the attacker targets the encryption key of the device (Zillner Strobl, 2015). Another category of threat is called key attacks. Here the attacker tries to gain access to a device from a remote location. It also tries to obtain the encryption key. This attack can take place by imitating a node on the network of ZigBee (Wang, Jiang Zhang, 2014). There is another type of attack or threat where the attack is on the key but it also uses the packet replay attack or injection attacks. It attempts to trick the device in order to perform an unauthorized activity or action. These types of security issues are present because of the protocols that are l ight weight in design. Critical Reflection on Energy Harvest Harvesting of energy can be done from the natural resources like thermal energy, solar energy as well as kinetic energy. After deriving the energy it is stored for the purpose of small and wireless devices like the sensor networks that are wireless. This energy harvesting concept helps to conserve energy and it utilizes or consumes small range of power for those electronics that need low energy. If the wireless devices are incorporated with the capability to harvest energy then it will enable every node in the wireless networks to acquire energy in a continuous manner. This energy harvesting concept will be responsible for a great future of wireless networks. A wireless network that will harvest energy will introduce numerous changes in the concept and operation of wireless networking (Ulukus et al., 2015). There are several benefits that are expected because of the energy harvesting concept. The consumption of conventional energy will become less. Wireless networks will be able to get deployed in remote locations like the rural and village areas. The energy harvesting technologies are solar and indoor lighting along with electromagnetic and thermal energies. Energy harvesting can be done from human made sources where the energy transfer takes place among various nodes over wireless medium. This can be done in a controlled procedure. Every technology involved has a different level of capability along with different level of efficiency. The concept of engineering has been used in order to improve the mechanism of energy harvesting in a continuous manner. It also improves the process of communication in a wireless network. New dimensions are added to the problems of wireless communications. There is intermittency as well as randomness in the availability of energy. There is also intermittency as well as randomness in the energy sharing possibility that can take place in the nodes present in the wireless network. All these present a new dimension to the protocols that are applied in the several layers like medium access, physical as well as networking layer. The information theoretic concept of harvesting energy uses AWGN channel and the concept of Guassian noise. The output of this concept is the addition of input X and noise N. The problems of communication using energy harvesting can be solved by certain communication theories as well as networking app roaches. The single channel optimization faces a constraint called energy casualty. The solution provided here aims at keeping the power periods at the longest stretch in a continuous manner. In case of multiple access channel, directional as well as generalized water-filling along with iterative water-filling techniques are used in a combined manner in order to get a management scheme that is optimum. Devices that have the capability to harvest energy can send packets of data based on the policy of transmission (Yang Ulukus, 2012). There are issues relating to code designs as well. There are certain challenges in harvesting energy in wireless networks. There are chances of improvements in the process of transferring energy. There are challenges regarding the understanding of the interdisciplinary nature associated with wireless networks and energy harvesting concept. It mainly focuses on the integration of devices and circuits that harvest as well as transfer energy. Wireless Sensor Networks are gaining importance with time. The major drawback of this technology is that only limited amount of energy is associated with it. This limitation is trying to be resolved by designing and developing high performance and energy efficient systems that are used for the purpose of energy harvesting. There are two main sources of energy called the external and ambient sources (Shaikh Zeadally, 2016). Ambient sources are available in the nature very easily and with least cost. Explicit sources are explicitly deployed for the purpose harvesting energy. In the method of radio frequency harvesting, radio waves get transformed into DC power (Lu et al., 2015). In the process of thermal harvesting technique, the heat energy is transformed into electric energy. Other forms of ambient sources include solar, wind and hydro energy. The use of solar energy would be very effective in case of solving the WSN issues and problems. The moving water generates energy and it is a n effective method of harvesting energy. Wind energy is also very important for the purpose of resolving the issues in WSN. External sources of energy consider certain methods like mechanical harvesting and human based harvesting. The mechanical harvesting technique uses the electrostatic, piezoelectric as well as the electromagnetic mechanisms for harvesting energy. The variations in the pressure are converted into energy. To monitor the physiological nature of a human certain sensor nodes are put inside or on the body of the human. These harvest energy from the locomotive movement of the humans. Energy harvesting models can be designed by taking into consideration two main factors like rate and amount of energy harvested. The characteristics of the models will differ based on the sources of energy. There are certain challenges like energy generation from several sources, prediction as well as designing reliable systems that are energy efficient. The storage of energy is also another challenge. Energy harvesting is extreme ly important for the future development and deployment of WSN. Every energy source is associated with a different capability. Based on the capabilities, the harvesting models are designed. There are still many challenges that are not identified. References Alam, M. I., Khan, M. R. (2013). Performance and efficiency analysis of different block cipher algorithms of symmetric key cryptography.International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering,3(10). Barker, W. C., Barker, E. B. (2012). SP 800-67 Rev. 1. Recommendation for the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm (TDEA) Block Cipher. Bhanot, R., Hans, R. (2015). A review and comparative analysis of various encryption algorithms.International Journal of Security and Its Applications,9(4), 289-306. ISLAM, E., AZAD, S. (2014). data encryption standard.Practical Cryptography: Algorithms and Implementations Using C++, 57. Lu, X., Wang, P., Niyato, D., Kim, D. I., Han, Z. (2015). Wireless networks with RF energy harvesting: A contemporary survey.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,17(2), 757-789. Minar, N. B. N. I., Tarique, M. (2012). Bluetooth security threats and solutions: a survey.International Journal of Distributed and Parallel Systems,3(1), 127. Padgette, J. (2017). Guide to bluetooth security.NIST Special Publication,800, 121. Shaikh, F. K., Zeadally, S. (2016). Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,55, 1041-1054. Ulukus, S., Yener, A., Erkip, E., Simeone, O., Zorzi, M., Grover, P., Huang, K. (2015). Energy harvesting wireless communications: A review of recent advances.IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,33(3), 360-381. Wang, C., Jiang, T., Zhang, Q. (Eds.). (2014).ZigBee network protocols and applications. CRC Press. Yang, J., Ulukus, S. (2012). Optimal packet scheduling in an energy harvesting communication system.IEEE Transactions on Communications,60(1), 220-230. Zillner, T., Strobl, S. (2015). ZigBee exploited: The good the bad and the ugly.